Hidden Literacies

explore the literacy world

On one hand we don’t often get the chance to explore the literacy world of people like John Newton Johnson. We know it’s racist. But that racism is woven into a larger tapestry of experience and assumptions, of both hard lessons and strange forms of privilege, that do not tend to get explored in their particularities. One of the reasons we are stuck in the urban-rural dyad we are now in the U.S. is that the stories of people like Johnson haven’t been so much silenced as deprecated—assumed instead of explored, contained instead of confronted. On the other hand, from the standpoint of Johnson’s attraction to Whitman, when we indict Whitman for his racism, we usually look mostly at Whitman’s words. That will only get us so far, because Whitman contradicts himself and because it leaves us stuck in an old way of understanding the effect of a set of texts by way of their author: relate the texts to each other, find the patterns of racism or universalism or nurturing democratic wholeness, and, it is assumed, you’ve found the man, his effect, and why he has that effect. But, we might ask, how did Johnson read Whitman—what was Whitman’s writing doing, irrespective of his intents? If we do that in the case of a letter like this, we find a careful reader of Whitman’s writing. Johnson was a selective reader in some ways, but one who is known to have memorized Whitman’s works, and who is confronting what he regards as Whitman’s one-sided version of national unity and offering an alternative model, grown out of his own mind but also sprouted from Whitman’s writing, from other writers (from Thomas Macaulay to John Burroughs), and the experience of the Alabama backcountry’s socio-political milieu.
 

This page has paths: